A clean, firm seedbed is important to help plants make a more vigorous early growth and resist winter heaving. Scale 1-9, where 9 = best or most pronounced, You can search through the entire DLF organization, 4turf - turf tetraploid perennial ryegrass. Grass planted for erosion control is seeded or drilled in late summer to early autumn but that established for forage is plantedin late winter to early spring. . //]]> All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 0000002537 00000 n In the vegetative phase, shoots consist predominantly of leaf blades. EstablishmentTake a good soil sample and follow soil test recommendations for lime and fertilizer when seeding orchardgrass or grass-legume mixtures. 00:00 00:00. Nevertheless, late heading and high forage yielding families were identified through a selection index. 0000092051 00000 n Rotational grazing is preferred for best production, persistence, and quality. Finally, association analysis of OP2 heading dates and the half-sib progeny trait means onto OP2 population genotypes supported the significant markers found when measuring the OP2 traits and further selected ideal plants of the OP2 population to continue for further breeding. It is vigorous and high in vegetative production. 0000002996 00000 n Annual nitrogen applications of 150 lb per acre are economical. . Seed -to -inch deep into a well-prepared seedbed that has been limed and fertilized according to a soil test. As manure and biosolids, it returns high levels of this necessary macronutrient to the soil. /ZVy]g2hYZd?g.QnD)8*vz[zd V,O9d7_:'JZfrh ^.2]`ShO-63%Z`N? wH!zN+ Delay in harvest will reduce forage quality significantly. The remainder of the N should be applied immediately after the first cutting in August to encourage late summer growth. Copyright, USU Library - 3000 Old Main Hill - Logan UT 84322 - 435.797.0816. Heading occurs during late May or early June, about a week later than common timothy. As with close grazing, close cutting can lead to stand reduction. 0000074454 00000 n For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Theses and dissertations At high rates of nitrogen, orchardgrass is among the most productive of the cool-season grasses in Pennsylvania. Grasses Sheep Grasses are an important part of the diet for sheep. 2. If it doesn't just pull right up, a dandilion fork should do it. 0000003949 00000 n The focus of this study was to determine how these varieties compared for maturity, yield, stand survival, disease rating, spring regrowth, and fall regrowth across a wide range of locations. Emergence Time: 18-22 days Help improve lives, communities and economies throughout the state. A firm seedbed allows greater regulation in seeding depth, holds moisture better, and increases seed-to-soil contact. Orchardgrass does not grow well in saline soils and areas with high water tables. Eight pounds of clean, high germination seed is usually adequate to obtain good stands of orchardgrass. In mixture with alfalfa. If P and K are limiting, other cool season grasses . Nitrogen applied at the time of seeding, along with timely applications over the growing seasons, can greatly increase total dry matter production. Maintain soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0 for best results. Orders are processed within 24 hours Monday thru Friday. Often the grass and clover are planted together in the fall. There is increased risk of winter injury with summer seedings made after mid-August. Late summer seedings, however, have been most successful in Pennsylvania. Delay in harvest will reduce forage quality significantly. 0000069145 00000 n Early heading stage, typically about mid-May Lowest cutting or grazing height 4 inches Fall management Light grazing or haying possible through October if a 6-inch stubble is left for winter Approximate seed yield 200 to 600 pounds per acre Suitability for wildlife cover Fair 0000066017 00000 n Soil test recommendations for establishment of orchardgrass or orchardgrass-legume mixtures will normally require 20 to 30 pounds N, 50 to 120 pounds P2O5 and 40 to 60 pounds K2O per acre. In addition, harvesting at early heading reduces yields and persistence, compared with harvesting at either early or late bloom (Table 3). 0000014776 00000 n grasses such as bluegrass, bromegrass, and orchard-grass is their ability to produce during midsummer. es. Adapted from V. L. Lechtenberg et. Under grazing management, timothy should not be allowed to progress very far into jointing before grazing. The rapid decline in palatability and quality as orchardgrass matures is the major deterrent to its use. 0000062352 00000 n This committee is comprised of seed company and university representatives who have collected seed for a number of varieties of orchardgrass, tall fescue, timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass, and annual and perennial ryegrass. We use Old Dominion or UPS for all deliveries. Leaves are broadly tapered to a point and the base is v-shaped. In terms of the type of grass they consume, sheep prefer long-established grasses like orchard grass, bluegrass, or timothy, legumes like legumes, and cover crops like Italian ryegrass. You may wait until October or November is you live in warmer climates. Successful seeding can be accomplished with band seeders, cultipack seeders, grain drills, or by broadcast seeding. Properly managed orchardgrass plants will have a higher leaf-to-stem ratio than tall fescue. 0000092415 00000 n Orchardgrass requires careful management to ensure that it is harvested promptly. Later Orchardgrass is a perennial, cool-season bunchgrass best suited for fertile, light to medium soils with good drainage, although it can grow on moderately drained soils as well. In a similar study involving cow/calf pairs, calves gained 1.80 pounds per day on orchardgrass and 1.51 pounds per day on fescue. From the half-sib family evaluation, heading date was more heritable than yield. During the transition phase, leaf sheaths begin to elongate, raising the meristematic collar zone to a grazable height. The intermediate to late heading varieties in HLR are ideal ADAPTATION - CLIMATE HLR Orchardgrass is ideally suited to the northern and central regions of the United States. Thus, there is a need to better understand the genetic basis of flowering time in orchardgrass and develop late-flowering populations. Late August to early September are considered best fall seeding dates in most of the state, with mid-September seedings satisfactory in the extreme southern areas. The yield is "early" but easy to master. 0000016814 00000 n Heavy grazing during October can lead to depleted root reserves and increased winter injury. However, new disease-resistant varieties and good management techniques should help maintain high-producing stands for several years, even in the more shallow soils in south Missouri. In a three-year shade tolerance study, yield and stand were not affected by reducing light by 33 percent. The highest yielding grass -We sell more of this than every other grass put together! Home This will allow the soil to become firm and provide an opportunity to accumulate seedbed moisture. Dactylis glomerata L., Orchardgrass, is a persistent, cool season bunchgrass. Below is a brief description of the phases and management applications. 0000003259 00000 n In the absence of a soil test, 80 to 120 pounds N plus 40 to 60 pounds P2O5 plus 100 to 140 pounds K2O should be used. | Fields should be grazed heavily and frequently (every 10 to 12 days) during the flush growth of spring, but overgrazing should be avoided. 0000007592 00000 n The summer re-growth may be used for grazing, but avoid heavy grazing during September and October. Some late-heading varieties develop seed stems more than two weeks later. <> Join our email list to receive a free hat, discount opportunities, and exclusive insight into upcoming promotions and price increases. 0000012823 00000 n Even after it has headed out, it has far more palatable leaves than "native" orchard grass. The intermediate to late heading varieties in HLR are ideal for planting with alfalfa. Though many popular orchardgrass varieties are early maturing, producing seedheads before alfalfa reaches the late-bud stage. Many diseases attack orchardgrass. Much of this is unseen until the emergence of the seedhead from the sheath of the flag leaf (boot stage). Spike tooth harrows or "brush type" drags make good tools for covering broadcast seed. Orchardgrass does not exhibit as much tolerance to drought or winter hardiness as tall fescue and bromegrass. Initial flowering in the spring does not usually occur until late May in southern Pennsylvania and June in northern Pennsylvania and New York, depending on the variety and location in the state. This is because of timothy's limited storage of energy reserves in the corms, its production of few basal leaves to support regrowth after harvest, and its upright growth habit, which is generally dominated by a single stem. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. It is important to remove the grass cuttings from your orchard grassland, if they are allowed to rot down they will enrich your soil which can lead to a loss in plant diversity. Every forage producer knows that maturity is the most important factor in determining forage quality. Apply 50 to 60 lb of N per acre in the spring when the timothy starts to become green and an additional 50 lb per acre after each cut. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a bunch-type grass that is used for winter overseeding on sites where high quality and winter color are needed.The texture, color, and density of perennial ryegrass are very similar to those of Kentucky bluegrass. Grass weeds are especially harmful. Plant Physiol. Graduate Studies Spring growth of timothy passes through the typical stages of grass development, tillering, jointing (stem elongation), heading, flowering, and seed formation. These ratios were measured on tall fescue and orchard grass being grown in N rate experiments during 1973 to determine if the N:S ratio was affected by the additional N. The N:S ratio never exceeded 16 (Table 6). The plants may be severely damaged by overgrazing especially in the seedling year. Originally from the Mediterranean region, it was introduced to North America in the 1800s as a forage alternative. Student Work The stand never went away and stayed nice and thick. Timothy will tolerate moderately continuous grazing, but rotational grazing with a minimum recovery period of 3 weeks will improve production and persistence. Orchardgrass is one of the best forage grasses available on the market. Management for hayOrchardgrass will produce excellent yields when grown in pure stands or with legumes. Because it is non-toxic, stands that lose vigor can be over-seeded in fall, at a rate of about 15 pounds per acre. The orchard grass should stand out pretty well due to its lighter green color and if not well-established it should pull out by hand pretty easily. Research has shown that crude protein content declines rapidly between boot and mature seed stages. Late heading/maturity type. Within a few days, individual florets within the seedhead are ready for either self-pollination or cross pollination depending on the species. One hundred and eight orchardgrass plants from the second-year intercross (named the OP2 population) were grown for tissue, data collection, and seed. 0000092439 00000 n Late winter or early spring N applications onto fields testing very high in potassium or fields that have received high rates of . Cool-season grasses can be cut about an inch shorter in the fall, while warm-season grass should be longer than the rest of the year. Three years of grazing studies have documented that rust-infected orchardgrass varieties gave 0.2 to 0.3 pounds per day less average daily gains than varieties having little or no infection. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. This standardized rating scale would not only identify the earliest and latest orchardgrass varieties, but it would also allow comparisons across grass species. Higher rates of N will tend to encourage lodging. Description Orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata) is a common perennial weed of turf, and can be a contaminant in commercial tall fescue seed. In response to critical temperature regimes, daylengths, and necessary leaf blade area for sensing these climatic variables, the apical meristem is gradually converted from a vegetative bud to a floral bud. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items. Potassium fertilizer is important for maximizing the legume yield in a timothy-legume mixed stand. A clump-forming perennial grass common to pastures and often used as forage. That means that summer productivity is less than in spring and fall. It has been reported growing in the United States since before 1760. Amba Orchardgrass. 0000037092 00000 n This is probably associated with the endophyte problem in older varieties of tall fescue. Orchardgrass is well adapted throughout Missouri, but its persistence may be a problem on south slopes in the droughty shallow soils of the Ozark Mountains. 0000068572 00000 n The following fertility practices should be applied to realize the top potential of pure stands of orchardgrass. Richmond, Toro, and Mariposa are early-maturing (about 10 days before Climax) varieties that exhibit relatively rapid regrowth after harvest. In the absence of a soil test, assuming a medium-fertility soil and orchardgrass seeded alone, incorporate 0-45-135 lb per acre prior to seeding and apply 20-20-20 lb per acre (banded if possible) at seeding. Luckily for me, the hay has a low value. The late-heading Baraula is so far the clear winner at my farm. Aug 14, 2010. It is a bunch grass that produces an open sod and produces excellent quality forage. The coordinator is Gene Olson, and he conducts both yield and grazing variety trials across almost 20 forage species each year. Many grasses in short supply. With careful management, orchardgrass can perform a host of functions while adding nutrients and tilth to soil. Download Technical Bulletin: HLR Download Supplemental Flyer: F-53 HLR Orchardgrass Band seeding with some phosphorus-starter fertilizer markedly improves seedling vigor of grasses or grass-legume mixtures. 0000069077 00000 n For example, cool-season grass hay cut at early heading often can support more than one pound of daily gain for pregnant yearling heifers all by itself. Leaf growth often occurs in early May in southern Iowa and by mid-May in northern Iowa. It is found in disturbed areas, savannas, woodland borders, orchards, pastures, thickets, and fence rows. University of Missouri Extension is an equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. Corallis, OR 97331-3002, Grass Growth and Regrowth for Improved Management. Our Orchardgrass is a superior yield and late-maturing grass perfect for alfalfa or red clover mixes. Please enter your email address below to create account. It also enhances the nitrogen in soil when planted deep with abundant water. Within a few days, individual florets within the seedhead are ready for either self-pollination or cross pollination depending on the species. What is orchardgrass? However, it is difficult to provide current evaluations of all new varieties. There is a risk when seeding these together, however. Alfalfa orchardgrass mixtures should normally be harvested when alfalfa is at early bloom to one tenth bloom. 0000002011 00000 n (Read more). Thus, fall seedings should be made about 45 days before the first killing frost (usually about 27 to 28 degrees Fahrenheit) so seedlings can develop well enough to survive the winter. Other seeding methods can be used, but chances of obtaining thick stands and vigorous growth in the seeding year are reduced. Orchardgrass is suited for light to medium soils with good drainage. For example, 85 percent purity x 80 percent germination = 6,800, which when divided by 100 = 68 percent PLS. You can also notice that just because a variety is labeled as late maturing, it may not be. I tested hay from 2007 thru 2013. Hay buyers want a high-quality leafy mixture, but it can be difficult to determine when to cut, especially at first cutting. Growth may start slightly earlier on south-facing . A new MU variety of orchardgrass named 'Justus' has given consistently higher animal performance when compared to previously grown varieties (Table 3). This early harvest will also help increase yield of high quality re-growth. Each of those parents exhibited late-flowering and other desirable characteristics such as high forage yield or drought tolerance. It really shines in its ability to produce late season growth. The principal developmental phases of grass plants are vegetative, transition, and reproductive. Be sure and check out under the "community" heading the NEW state of Tennessee Group and sign . When hay is harvested at the vegetative (leafy) stage, there is a high likelihood that the forage quality will be high. 0000010198 00000 n Graze it heavily or mechanically harvest it early to promote high yields of high quality forage. P.O. The most important finding from this research is that maturity is highly dependent on location, and it is important to seek out maturity information from trials in your state or region before choosing a late-maturing orchardgrass variety for your farm. The percent Pure Live Seed (PLS) is determined by multiplying percent purity times percent germination divided by 100. However, because it becomes coarse and less palatable as it matures, it is best suited for pastures. Orchardgrass responds well to nitrogen fertilization and is very compatible with legumes in a mixture. Our Later Orchardgrass has good winter hardiness, shade tolerance, and moderate drought tolerance. However, fescue is of higher quality in fall, especially after frost. Late heading orchard grass, white and red clover as well as birdsfoot trefoil were chosen. Although some tests have shown orchardgrass and tall fescue to give similar animal performance, it is generally agreed that orchardgrass is of higher quality during spring and summer than fescue. There was considerable variation within the early maturing varieties. %]g}G=bPE ,pJ. 0000016746 00000 n It establishes more easily than bromegrass or timothy when seeded with other species. This true grass can grow 19 to 47 inches (48.5 to 119.5 cm.) to late heading to maximize protein and relative feed value. HLR Orchardgrass is ideally suited to the northern and central regions of the United States. DLF Echelon Orchardgrass Seed from DLF is very winter hardy and extremely late heading-its a huge yielder. 0000037496 00000 n When seeding in combination with legumes, orchardgrass seeding rate should be reduced (Table 2). Check out Tucker Orchardgrass Seed Mix here. It germinates early in the season and achieves the bulk of its growth in the cooler season. It produces less fall growth than tall fescue under similar growing conditions. Each variety is being evaluated for maturity using a standardized protocol at company research stations in Oregon, Iowa, and Kentucky. Privacy Policy It is one part of the reproductive phase. Orchardgrass may be seeded with fly-resistant wheat in south Missouri, seeded with spring oats in north Missouri or interseeded with winter wheat in early spring. The production of orchardgrass seed has not been a big business in Missouri. The minimum specifications for certified orchardgrass seed are 85 percent purity and 80 percent germination. Tennessee. It is also well adapted to grow with legumes, typically. It is used for hay and pasture mixes with all livestock enjoying its soft leaves, making it highly palatable. The plant even withstands cold winters to -30 F. (-34 C.) if insulated by snow. Orchardgrass can be a big problem in tall fescue lawns of residential areas established on existing pasture. Potomac is an early maturing variety (early May), Dawn and Rancho are medium-maturing varieties (mid-to late-May), and Pennlate is a late-maturing variety (late May to early June). 0000075039 00000 n 0000068360 00000 n > However, most common varieties of orchard grass are very early heading and prone to disease, such as rust, which reduces the palatability of the hay. 1975 Indiana Beef-Forage Research Day Report, Purdue University 1975. 0000065774 00000 n 0000073992 00000 n Justus was selected for high tolerance to the stem rust pathogen and has produced better animal performance than other varieties in grazing trials. The name "Johnsongrass" refers to Colonel William Johnson, who introduced this species to his river-bottom farm in Alabama in the 1840s. Perennial ryegrass is often utilized for winter overseeding on golf course fairways and teeboxes, athletic fields, and high . . By comparison, aftermath of timothy with similar management and fertility contributes about 20 percent of the total production. There are some varietal variations but, in general, orchardgrass matures about one week earlier than tall fescue and about two weeks before smooth bromegrass. Orchardgrass is very responsive to fertilizer and production can be excellent with proper fertility and split N applications. Leaf blade collars remain nested in the base of the shoot and there is no evidence of sheath elongation or culm development. Orchardgrass is an old reliable standby in many parts of the U.S. Seed Ranch > Pasture Seeds > Orchard Grass Seed > Persist Orchardgrass Seed > Persist Orchardgrass Seed - Certified 50 Lbs. Orchardgrass is a versatile grass and can be used for pasture, hay, green chop, or silage. Conception rate of the cows was 18 percentage points higher on the orchardgrass pastures. Recent evidence from MU's orchardgrass breeding program showed that the presence of rust on leaves lowered animal digestibility of the forage. Though many popular orchardgrass varieties are early maturing, producing seedheads before alfalfa reaches the late-bud stage. Its energy storage pattern makes it a better hay crop than a pasture species. Best results occur after incorporating recommended limestone in advance of final seedbed preparation. Do not sow if pH is not 6.2 or higher. Timothy is popular in the northern half of Pennsylvania and most of New York State because of its natural adaptation to moist, cool environments. 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A bunch grass that produces an open sod and produces excellent quality.... Mature seed stages tolerate moderately continuous grazing, close cutting can lead to stand reduction n Annual nitrogen applications 150... Best suited for light to medium soils with good drainage only identify the earliest and latest varieties..., shade tolerance study, yield and late-maturing grass perfect for alfalfa or red clover as as... Period of 3 weeks will improve production and persistence potential of pure stands or with,... Legume yield in a timothy-legume mixed stand will allow the soil to become firm and provide opportunity! Pounds per acre buyers want a high-quality leafy mixture, but it can be accomplished with band seeders, drills... To high-fertility soils States since before 1760 weakened by frequent cutting or.! A better hay crop than a pasture species the first cutting each of those parents exhibited late-flowering and other characteristics. Palatable as it matures, it is best suited for light to medium soils with drainage!