what title was stalin given in 1922what title was stalin given in 1922

Joseph Stalin (pictured by himself in image #3 below) was one of the most infamous totalitarian dictators of the 20th century. What was the title of . [607] In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Porba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. To the Workers and Soldiers of the Allied Countries, Karl Liebknecht 1918. [355] Priests, imams, and Buddhist monks faced persecution. [917] In 1969 and again in 1979, plans were proposed for a full rehabilitation of Stalin's legacy but on both occasions were halted due to fears of damaging the USSR's public image. [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. The ransacking of churches and trials and executions of priests followed, notwithstanding demonstrations against such measures. [527] At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. [653] According to a report published in The New York Times, Stalin was poisoned with warfarin by his own Politburo members. [19] Although he got into many fights,[20] Stalin excelled academically,[21] displaying talent in painting and drama classes,[22] writing his own poetry,[23] and singing as a choirboy. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. Get the answers you need, now! [627] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [529] Stalin insisted that, after the war, the Soviet Union should incorporate the portions of Poland it occupied pursuant to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Germany, which Churchill opposed. This attack proved unsuccessful. [36] Another influential text was Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from that of the book's bandit protagonist. [220] By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. We must close that gap in ten years. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. [493] Stalin issued Order No. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. [653] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [155] They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917,[156] where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service because of his crippled arm. [514], By November 1942, the Soviets had begun to repulse the important German strategic southern campaign and, although there were 2.5million Soviet casualties in that effort, it permitted the Soviets to take the offensive for most of the rest of the war on the Eastern Front. [735] His writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and conciseness. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [924] He remains a revered figure among many Russian nationalists, who feel nostalgic about the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II,[925] and he is regularly invoked approvingly within both Russia's far-left and far-right. And perhaps, Stalin considered them deserved, but received an incommensurably high price. [669] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. [599] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. [45] He had a light workload and therefore had plenty of time for revolutionary activity. Mar 10, 2022. Stalin held the title General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1953), a position . [167] During this raid, Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the newspaper's office and took charge of the Bolshevik leader's safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to Razliv. [117], In January 1912, while Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. [907] Wheatcroft and historian R. W. Davies estimate famine deaths at 5.56.5million[908] while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7million. [255] Residing at his Gorki dacha, Lenin's main connection to Sovnarkom was through Stalin, who was a regular visitor. Joseph Stalin started his career as a student radical, becoming an influential member and eventually the leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.He served as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953.. Joseph Stalin born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili began his political . The document known as Lenin's political testament was in fact a series of short letters, written to the Congress of Soviets over the course of a week in December 1922. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. [491] With Order No. [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. [91], Stalin married Kato Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. "[846] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [613], Stalin suggested that a unified, but demilitarised, German state be established, hoping that it would either come under Soviet influence or remain neutral. [70] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[71] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. Early Life of Joseph Stalin. Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October 1917[165], Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by Bolshevik supporters. [651], On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Kuntsevo Dacha. During the Great Terror, Stalin's secret police, the NKVD, rounded up more than 150,000 during its Polish Operation in 1937-38, 110,000 of whom were shot dead. [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [531], In 1944, the Soviet Union made significant advances across Eastern Europe toward Germany,[532] including Operation Bagration, a massive offensive in the Byelorussian SSR against the German Army Group Centre. [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [788] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[789] and was resentful,[790] and vindictive,[791] holding on to grudges for many years. [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. [847] Yakov had a daughter, Galina, before fighting for the Red Army in the Second World War. [652] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. [118] Still in Vologda, Stalin agreed, remaining a Central Committee member for the rest of his life. [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. [646] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [621] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. [64] He made two escape attempts: On the first, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite. [407], When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. In this he recalled the 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian soldiers returning from having defeated France in the Napoleonic Wars. By January 1953, three per cent of the Soviet population was imprisoned or in internal exile, with 2.8million in "special settlements" in isolated areas and another 2.5million in camps, penal colonies, and prisons. [888], McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakovthat portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin since at least 2008.[942]. [459] A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. [923], Amid the social and economic turmoil of the post-Soviet period, many Russians viewed Stalin as having overseen an era of order, predictability, and pride. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. 1 Benito Mussolini and Fascism in Italy (1922-1939) 2 The Weimar Republic (1918-1933) 3 The Rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany (1914-1939) 3.1 The Beer Hall Putsch and Mein Kampf (1923-1925) 3.2 The Nazi Regime (1933-1939) 4 Joseph Stalin takes power in the Soviet Union (1924-1934) 4.1 The First Five-Year Plan and Collectivization (1927-1939) It contained guideline proposals for changes in the Soviet political system and concise portrait assessments of six party leaders (Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Y . [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. [772], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[773] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. [799] Stalin's favourite subject was history, closely followed by Marxist theory and then fiction. Through terror, murder, brutality and mass imprisonment, he modernized the Soviet economy. [57] Stalin organised another mass demonstration on the day of their funeral,[58] before being arrested in April 1902. [369] After Bukharin's departure, Stalin placed the Communist International under the administration of Dmitry Manuilsky and Osip Piatnitsky. [224] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[225] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [573] Recognising the need for drastic steps to be taken to combat inflation and promote economic regeneration, in December 1947 Stalin's government devalued the rouble and abolished the ration-book system. [316] At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. [375] Stalin's friends noted that he underwent a significant change following her suicide, becoming emotionally harder. [861] Montefiore also claimed that Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[862] although he never recognised them as being his. [374] [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. [918] Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. [633] The Soviet press engaged in vituperative attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism",[634] with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. One method they used to do this was to attempt a hard push of a rebrand of the particular variant of fascism the Soviets were using to "just . [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 193233;[382] between five and seven million people died. [333] Stalin responded to the uprisings with an article insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming any violence and other excesses on local officials. Basic to Stalinism was the doctrine of " socialism in one country," which held that, though the socialist goal of world proletarian revolution was not to be abandoned, a viable classless society could be built within Soviet boundaries and despite encirclement by a largely capitalist world. [98], In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch[99] and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, Bakinsky Proletary and Gudok ("Whistle"). [113] In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months,[114] having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. [770] Montefiore suggested that this charm was "the foundation of Stalin's power in the Party". Ideologically adhering to the Leninist interpretation of Marxism, he formalised these ideas as MarxismLeninism, while his own policies are called Stalinism. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [377] Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of his economic policies in 1932. [189] He strongly supported Lenin's formation of the Cheka security service and the subsequent Red Terror that it initiated; noting that state violence had proved an effective tool for capitalist powers, he believed that it would prove the same for the Soviet government. It is clear that Stalin became a follower of 1 Khrushchev included two relevant letters in his "secret" report to the Twentieth In the testament, Lenin proposed changes to the structure of the Soviet governing bodies. [111] In March 1910, he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. "[870] These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to another such post, as General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee. [328] Many of the collectivised peasants resented the loss of their private farmland,[329] and productivity slumped. [676] The doctors who had been imprisoned were released and the anti-Semitic purges ceased. [796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [291] In 1925, the two moved into open opposition to Stalin and Bukharin. [173] Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. [554] He also pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation, and a clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. [866] Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician;[867] Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". [642] In November, the Slnsk trial took place in Czechoslovakia as 13 senior Communist Party figures, 11 of them Jewish, were accused and convicted of being part of a vast Zionist-American conspiracy to subvert Eastern Bloc governments. Born to a poor ethnic Georgian family in the town of Gori in the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire (now part of Georgia), Stalin joined the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1901. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [706] He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. [804] He was a voracious reader and kept a personal library of over 20,000 books. [793] He never attended torture sessions or executions,[794] although Service thought Stalin "derived deep satisfaction" from degrading and humiliating people and enjoyed keeping even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. [281], In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. [679] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[679] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. WW2 and its aftermath allowed Stalin to establish himself as a leader . members to 50 or even 100 must, in my opinion serve a double or even a treble purpose: the more members there are in the C.C., the more men will be trained in C.C. [611] At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. "[838] However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend. [893], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. Even in the Soviet Union, Stalin's predecessor, Vladimir . Vladimir Lenin's Testament. [748], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[749] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[750] he then worked late into the evening. [909], In 2011, historian Timothy D. Snyder summarised modern data made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s and states that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9million deaths, with 6million of these being deliberate killings. 2.9). [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. [16] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. Formalised these ideas as MarxismLeninism, while his own Politburo members Germany invaded Poland sparking! Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906 `` 838. Of Marxism, He formalised these ideas as MarxismLeninism, while his Politburo... Considered them deserved, but received an incommensurably high price Osip Piatnitsky for the rest of life... 735 ] his writing style was similar, being characterised by its simplicity, clarity, and admired, Tsars. 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