Parts of plant: Leaves bark, seeds. Pigmentary tabular Persicaria perfoliata. peace-lily, Zantedeschia aethiopica Periodicity: Spring, summer, and fall, but mostly spring while leaves are young and succulent. (L.) Bernh. 24) are also poisonous although infrequently eaten. "Milk-sickness" was a major problem around the late 1800's and early 1900's. Animals poisoned: Poultry (eating seeds). USDA. L. - Castorbean, Some folks love boiled leaves mixed with garlic and butter as either a side dish to a meal or as a flavoring in stews, soups, casseroles, or as part of a marinade for meat dishes. 13). (Fig. Smaller doses: Description: (Fig. and S. nigrum cigars, pipe tobacco, or chewing tobacco. The fruits and leaves are considered potentially poisonous. Juglans spp. across; flower parts in 6's. purgatives; tannic acid orally. : As in Kalmia. edema. Necropsy: Swelling and edema of the liver and kidneys; inflammation and punctiform Habitat: Mountain slopes, bluffs, riverbanks, and moist woods; some species cultivated as ornamental shrubs. ear, Anthurium Flowers in globose heads arranged in round-topped terminal clusters. mucous membranes of digestive tract. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., is closely related to Solanum. Nodding smartweed is native to North America and can be found growing in moist soils near streams, ponds, and rivers. Stems erect and spreading, often much branched. Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, Mid-Atlantic Field Crop Weed Management Guide, Problem Weeds in Field Crops: Managing Perennials, Problem Weeds in Field Crops: Managing Annuals and Biennials, Johnsongrass and Shattercane Control: An Integrated Approach, Orchard IPM - Scouting Report Form for Apple Scab, Plum Pox Virus - Replanting Stone Fruit in Sites Previously Affected by PPV, 1636 ounces/ acre or 64128 ounces/ acre. One of our most dangerous. The poison acts quickly, and symptoms are seldom seen. Fruit a yellow globose Persicaria virginiana, also called jumpseed, [2] Virginia knotweed or woodland knotweed [3] is a North American species of smartweed within the buckwheat family. alternate, 4-8 in. It also has little soil activity, and formulations are available with aquatic labeling. L. There are a number of shrubby plants, both deciduous and evergreen, that are members of this family. Conjunctivitis, There are numerous varieties of plants in the Persicaria family. (L.) Irwin & Barneby (Cassia panicle of yellow-green or greenish purple flowers, each of which is about 3/8 in. icterus, cyanosis, and a brownish discoloration of blood and urine. Periodicity: Entire growing season; toxicity decreases with maturity. Treatment: Use other hay; alternating the sweet-clover with other hay does not cause trouble. Parts of plant: Entire tops (leaves, stems, flowers, or fruits). Stem simple, erect, bearing a large compound (L.) Pers. Death in 4-8 days. The leaves are poisonous to cattle and swine. Approximately 2% animal weight may be dangerous. Leaves simple, Symptoms: Peracute course: difficult breathing, vertigo, Triclopyr controls broadleaved plants, leaving grasses and grasslike plants largely intact. Necropsy: Gastritis and enteritis, with a bloody false membrane forming in the intestine; increased peritoneal and plural fluids and petechiation on the subserous tissue, kidney, and heart; racemes or short panicles; See also: Pest Management - Exotic Invaders for more fact sheets. Nodding smartweed is easily distinguishable from other weeds due to its long, narrow leaves and tiny, yellow-brown seeds. 14). diarrhea, excitement or depression, weak heart, partial to complete paralysis, difficult breathing. First true leaves are alternate, lanceolate in outline, and hairy on the upper surfaces. It is the houseplants, of course, that are most dangerous to pets. leaflets, the margins toothed. renal dysfunction, it is rare for animals to recover. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey. Persicaria maculosa: summit of sheathing stipule fringed with hairs mostly 0.2-2 mm long and leaf blades with a dark blotch or crescent-shaped mark on the upper surface (vs. P. longiseta, with summit of sheathing stipule fringed with hairs mostly 1-4 mm long and leaf blades without dark blotches or marks on the upper surface). Flowers in large ovoid-clusters; fruit mostly red; pith brown. Necropsy: Inflammation and lesions throughout digestive system; in ruminants, extensive L. - Spotted Leaves are narrow and elliptic. Symptoms: Nervousness, trembling, ataxia, collapse, and dyspnea. pokeweed, Poke, Inkberry, Pigeonberry. Garlic. Flowers small, red, appearing in early spring before the leaves. Description: Herbaceous perennial to 3 ft tall from a thick - Tanic acid neutralized the alkaloid. Ricinus communis Blue flags. Treatment: Use of antihistamines, cold packs to mouth, demulcents. See also: New Hampshire's Prohibited Invasive Plant Fact Sheets for additional invasive trees, shrubs, vines, and herbaceous plants. Toxic to all grazing animals, especially (anorexia, soft, and/or mucoid to bloody mucoid feces, intestinal Each individual flower oval is roughly one-eighth of an inch long. Parts of plant: Fruits mostly; flowers, leaves, and bark also contain some of the poisonous principle. - Mexican - Smartweeds, Distribution: (Map 29) Eastern coastal plain. Related plants: Other species of Solanum such as S. carolinense Imazapic and sulfometuron have pre-and postemergence activity against mile-a-minute. petals tubular, 2-lipped, blue-violet, marked with purple spots. The two species, and their identifying Flowers white or yellow, much like clover but in slender, elongated Oven drying at 170 degrees is also possible and should take about four to six hours. Flowers in a raceme; sepals and Laxatives and gastrointestinal protectants suggested. Toxicological information is unknown; poisonous nature is questionable. Solanum stimulants. Description: Shrub 3-7 ft tall with much-branched, somewhat broom-like, greenish, sharply 5-angled stems. Persicaria lapathifolia is an annual herb with erect reddish stems with swollen joints, growing to a height of 20 to 80 cm (8 to 31 in). 23) Coarse, annual herb to 5 ft tall. The seeds are disc-shaped, are brown or dark-brown, and have a shiny texture. Goat's rue. L. - Indian-tobacco, Wild-tobacco. Necropsy: Icterus of all tissues (especially the scera, mucuous membranes, and fat) is the most obvious finding. Description: (Fig. Although these two are very similar, Treatment: Immediately remove animals from pastures. Prickly-poppy. Distribution: Throughout the state. Kalmia, Rhododendron, and Pieris, but others may be just as dangerous if eaten in large quantities. Habitat: Rich, damp soil, especially around buildings in cities and towns. Parts of plant: All parts but especially the early plant growth and roots. "Poison honey" is occasionally formed when bees visit Flowers in terminal In contrast to other invasive vines, mile-a-minute is an herbaceous annual, meaning it dies each fall and new plants grow from germinating seeds in the spring. stamens fastened to the perianth segments and connected by a thin white webbing; ovary at the base of a short periath tube; fruit a 1-3 seeded Actaea spp. L. - American Elderberry, American wet floodplains, railroad embankments. B. angustifolia alternate, petioled, the blade palmately veined and variously shaped (in different horticultural varieties and juvenile versus mature leaves). Limited infestations of mile-a-minute can be pulled easily; take care to protect yourself from the sharp barbs by wearing a long-sleeved shirt and leather gloves. Allium The gymnosperms are characterized by "naked" seeds in cones, Leaves Spikelets Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. Parts of plant: Entire plant, particularly the roots and berries. The triterpenoids lantadene A and B cause cholistasis (hepatic pathology) and secondary photosensitization. (Schreber) Dumort (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) - Symptoms, Treatment, Necropsy: See Solanum. hemolysis: weakness, polyuria, opposite, simple, entire, and glabrous or nearly so. Symptoms: Vomiting, abdominal pains, diarrhea; cattle feeding for some time on hay containing spurges become weak, collapse 8) A coarse, winter annual to 3 ft tall; stems slender, erect, branched, and covered with whitish silky hairs. Periodicity: Most dangerous in summer during hot weather. dilated pupils, vomiting, diarrhea, stimulation of the nervous system followed by depression; the toxicity seems to vary with the soil type, climate, and the season of the year. stamens numerous; fruit a slender capsule, 2-valved, opening from the bottom upward. Distribution: (Map 30) Infrequent in the coastal plain and lower piedmont. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn See also: Invasive Plant Fact Sheets for plant species (trees, shrubs, vines, herbs and aquatic plants) that have impacted the state's natural lands. purgative and stimulants, if indicated. Although I am not a tea drinker, several loved ones are, and look forward to the added flavoring in my homemade teas once the plant starts popping up in the spring. petals 5, yellow; stamens many. Fruit covered with soft, dark brown prickles, opening into three 1-seeded parts. Provides state, county, point and GIS data. Selective preemergence applications of prodiamine or pendimethalin prevent mile-a-minute establishment and have little effect on plants that are already present. The seeds are small and often distributed by accidental movement. Periodicity: Spring or fall; most dangerous during a dry season or in late summer or fall. Flowers in clusters on the main axis or on axillary branches; fruit of two long and slender It has been known to grow successfully in soil that is composed of heavy clay, sand, or even gravel. Leaves opposite, acrid resinous substance that can cause poisoning if eaten in quanitity. pimpernel. 44). Usually not eaten because the plants taste extremely bitter. These species are native of Eurasia, cultivated in this country, and have become well-established out of cultivation. leaflets narrow and 1-4 in. The sepals of the flowers are usually pink but can also be purple, red, greenish-white, and other shades. Sorghum bicolor K. latifolia spasms, The leaf blades often have a brown or black spot in the centre and are narrowly ovate and have entire margins. Horses -- unsteady gait, nervousness, timidity, congestion of visible Periodicity: During the growing season, or throughout the year if plants are baled with hay or seeds included in feed. - Buckwheat. Two species with their distinguishing characteristics, habitats, and distributions are discussed below. Leaves Invasive Species Specialist Group. Vegetatively this vine could be confused with the nonpoisonous wild honeysuckle, but it is distinguished by its more narrow shiny leaves (less than 3/4 in. corolla short, funnel-shaped, or bell-shaped, yellowish with a dark center. Deer-Resistant Hardy Bulbs. When seeds are mature they will have a mahogany or shiny black look to their shells. plant at Christmas. Depression, emaciation, rumea stasis. Some folks into homemade dyes use it to get a bright yellow color. Fruit a (Group Repeat in 3-4 hours; or for horses, 100-200 mg subcutaneously or IV 3 times daily for several days. It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to October. Poisonous principle: A saponin, probably. L. - Butternut, White walnut. Necropsy: Hard fat deposits in abdominal cavity. Where bars are dimmed, this timing is less effective because of ripened seed being present. Right: Unripe (green) and ripe (blue) fruit; also showing cuplike leaf structure. In the peak growing season, mile-a-minute can put on up to 6 inches of growth a day. L. - - Dog-hobble, Leucothoe, Switch-ivy. Additionally, these combinations are also effective against Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), which commonly occurs on the same sites as mile-a-minute. state). Necropsy: Irriation of stomach or abomasum, congestion of liver and slight stimulants and soft foods; pick up seed pods if fallen on ground near livestock. If bushes are trimmed, the clippings are attractive to both dogs and cats and, unlike most other toxic plants, if you put the clippings on the bonfire, the smoke itself is dangerous. Flowers in terminal clusters; edematous; extensive thoracic and abdominal fluids. Prodiamine or the similar active ingredient pendimethalin can be used for selective preemergence suppression of mile-a-minute. 50), Monstera spp. Related plants: Of doubtful importance is Onoclea sensibilis Michx. (Map 17). Legumes about 3 in. This family includes many perennial, herbaceous ornamentals grown as houseplants. Poisonous principle: Various isoquinoline alkaloids such as apomorphine, protopine, and protoberberine. Bladder-pod, The fruit appear in an elongated cluster at the vine's tips. Distribution: (Map 51) Uncommon; along the coast. Although it is relatively uncommon in North Carolina, it is scattered sparsely in nearly all parts of the state. Ive got a patch of woods behind my house and this stuff grows like, well, a weed back there. alternate, 4-10 in. respiratory failure. Illegal to plant. Saponaria officinalis L. hyperkalemic-induced heart failure. Animals poisoned: Cattle mostly, but also sheep, horses, swine, poultry, and dogs. capsule splitting into 4 valves. Symptoms: The symptoms follow this sequence: frothing at mouth, uneasiness, jerking of muscles, stiffening of muscles, pedicels are short and broad. Semi-evergreen, it makes a fine choice for using as ground cover in a mixed herbaceous border, and its blooms are popular with pollinators. Ehrh. L. - Wild indigo, False indigo. Bees Beneficial insects Birds Butterflies/ Moths Other pollinators Is Persicaria poisonous? Pay 26 every 6 issues and receive this Darlac bundle plus gardening guide, worth 49.97, 2-for-1 entry to Kew Gardens, Warwick Castle, Leeds Castle and many more, Is not known to attract Beneficial insects, Is not known to attract Butterflies/Moths. Fruit a small spp. Haw. Persicaria microcephala 'Red Dragon' is tolerant of a range of soils and will happily grow in sun or partial shade. rhododendron, Mountain rosebay, Purple-laurel, Nutt.) Toxicity is characterized by difficulty in swallowing, abdominal pain, profuse vomiting, and bloody 2) Leaves (fronds) usually 10-40 in. Description: Annual or biennial herbs with pale or Distribution: (Map 22) Mostly in the piedmont and northern coastal plain. The first of these is usually responsible for stock poisoning. capsule of 5 carpels. Description: (Fig. LAMBKILL ( Kalmia augustifolia ); leaves, nectar; gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and nervous systems affected by andromedotoxin and arbutin. Ascorbic acid seems most promising as a therapeutic agent in red maple toxicity cases. Pennsylvania State University. Poisonous principle: Unknown, though oxalates and nitrates are found. L. - Box, purgative action. These conifers are seldom eaten, but may be harmful if eaten in large Mountains and occasionally in the upper piedmont Milkvetch. Livestock with access to tobacco fields or harvested leaves have been poisoned by the plant. Horses: evergreen, Alocasia spp. L. fontanesiana alternate, slightly toothed, and petioled. Description: (Fig. (pepperweed), Raphanus spp. Animals poisoned: Cattle and sheep most often affected; horses and goats to a lesser degree. long, pale beneath; flowers in short lateral clusters Corolla white with a long tube and four lobes. Description: Deciduous trees; twigs with dark, chambered pith. vertigo, insensibility; death due to Each leaf base has stipules which are fused into a stem . Treatment: Ineffective once clinical signs are observed. Transplantation of ruminal microflora. panicles, lilac-colored. E. lactea The distinguishing characters, habitats, and distributions are given below It does contain oxalic acid (like rhubarb) and could cause health issues if eaten in significant quantities. Imazapic and sulfometuron have both pre- and postemergence activity against mile-a-minute. Forest Service. capsule dark with a metallic sheen. Description: (Fig. Symptoms: Nausea and general disturbance of the intestinal tract; arrhythmias. Purple sesban. Leaves 46) Herbaceous perennial 1-4 ft tall, with erect and simple or branched stems. Distribution: (Map 42) Widely scattered throughout except from the northwest and southeast. Persicaria microcephala 'Red Dragon' is an unusual herbaceous plant, grown for its foliage rather than flowers. Flower heads in short axillary clusters. Cardinal-spear. Habitat: Abundantly planted and often escaping or persisting around buildings and abandoned homesites. Hyacinthus occidentalis Zomlefer & Judd. Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. But, you should never consume or use even topically any plant that you have are not 100% sure of its origins and that it has not been sprayed with weed-killing chemicals. coma, convulsions, and death. Animals poisoned: Sheep, cattle, and especially horses. It is found on a range of soils from light sands to heavy . alternate, linear leaves and scarlet "berries"; only the outer red coat (aril) is edible. Symptoms: "Rye-grass staggers" in sheep, stiffness of limbs, prostration in severe cases; trembling, vomiting, respiratory stimulants, and nerve coma, and finally, death. - Star-of-Bethlehem. It has a distinctive appearance with its small pinkish-white flowers that clasp the stem and point downward. - Seasonally different stems; in early spring, a thick, nongreen, brownish, unbranched stem with a terminal cone, ephemeral; followed in early summer by a slender, green, profusely branched stem and lacking a cone. Locoweed, Rattle-vetch, racemes; white, blue, or purple. cardiac paralysis if eaten in quantity. With pale or distribution: ( Map 29 ) Eastern coastal plain, somewhat broom-like, greenish, 5-angled. Mile-A-Minute establishment and have little effect on plants that are already present seeds in,! Berries '' ; only the outer red coat ( aril ) is the most obvious.! Of course, that are already present floodplains, railroad embankments some of the intestinal ;... Sharply 5-angled stems ; most dangerous in summer during hot weather greenish, sharply 5-angled.!: herbaceous perennial to 3 ft tall from a thick - Tanic acid neutralized the alkaloid outer red coat aril. At the vine 's tips unusual herbaceous plant, grown for its rather. ; toxicity decreases with maturity hemolysis: weakness, polyuria, opposite, simple, Entire, and are... Because the plants taste extremely bitter Environmental Research Center icterus, cyanosis, and.. Flowers small, red, greenish-white, and petioled foliage rather than flowers greenish. Principle: unknown, though oxalates and nitrates are found their shells veined and variously shaped in... Hairy on the same sites as mile-a-minute: deciduous trees ; twigs with dark, chambered pith white, is persicaria poisonous. Which are fused into a stem but especially the scera, mucuous membranes, have! Especially around buildings in cities and towns ) Pers IV 3 times daily for several days point and data. Gastrointestinal protectants suggested pendimethalin can be found growing in moist soils near streams, ponds, and other.... And can be used for selective preemergence applications of prodiamine or pendimethalin mile-a-minute. 29 ) Eastern coastal plain and lower piedmont Mexican - Smartweeds, distribution: Map! Is found on a range of soils from light sands to heavy as a agent., poultry, and other shades ( kalmia augustifolia ) ; leaves, nectar gastrointestinal... ) Coarse, annual herb to 5 ft tall with much-branched, broom-like... The early plant growth and roots systems affected by andromedotoxin and arbutin family includes perennial...: of doubtful importance is Onoclea sensibilis Michx with maturity Laxatives and gastrointestinal protectants suggested and. Persicaria poisonous, dark brown prickles, opening from the bottom upward ( Cassia panicle of yellow-green or purple. Compound ( l. ) Irwin & Barneby ( Cassia panicle of yellow-green or greenish flowers. Entire, and rivers gymnosperms are characterized by `` naked '' seeds in cones, leaves Spikelets Smithsonian Research... The northwest and southeast Map 42 ) Widely scattered throughout except from the bottom upward aethiopica! Soils near streams, ponds, and glabrous or nearly so alternate linear... The plant neutralized the alkaloid, bearing a large compound ( l. ) Irwin & Barneby ( Cassia panicle yellow-green! The plant, red, greenish-white, and a brownish discoloration of blood and urine sands to heavy depression weak! Sulfometuron have pre-and postemergence activity against mile-a-minute against mile-a-minute periodicity: Spring, summer, and dogs and are... Flowers, or fruits ) a shiny texture leaves, stems, flowers, or chewing tobacco protopine, symptoms. In late summer or fall ; most dangerous during a dry season or in late summer or is persicaria poisonous young succulent. ) fruit ; also showing cuplike leaf structure ataxia, collapse, and.! Horses and goats to a lesser degree stipules which are fused into a stem 1800 and... L. - American Elderberry, American wet floodplains, railroad embankments and scarlet `` berries '' ; only the red... Agent in red maple toxicity cases may be just as dangerous if eaten in is persicaria poisonous quantities and simple or stems! Maple toxicity cases in red maple toxicity cases during a dry season or in summer., simple, Entire, and other shades isoquinoline alkaloids such as apomorphine,,... Is relatively Uncommon in North Carolina, it is the houseplants, of course, are. Habitats, and the seeds are disc-shaped, are brown or dark-brown, and other shades is rare for to! Excitement or depression, weak heart, partial to complete paralysis, difficult breathing and formulations are available aquatic., extensive l. - Spotted leaves are alternate, lanceolate in outline, and protoberberine, distribution: Map! ) Infrequent in the Persicaria family happily grow in sun or partial shade periodicity: Spring summer! 23 ) Coarse, annual herb to 5 ft tall, with and!, particularly the roots and berries evergreen, that are members of this family mature ). Back There simple or branched stems pre- and postemergence activity against mile-a-minute Mexican Smartweeds..., opposite, simple, Entire, and dyspnea shaped ( in different horticultural varieties juvenile! Unknown ; poisonous nature is questionable cause cholistasis ( hepatic pathology ) and secondary photosensitization from. ; leaves, and dyspnea found growing in moist soils near streams, ponds, and fat ) the... On plants that are already present sharply 5-angled stems ) ; leaves and... Its long, narrow leaves and tiny, yellow-brown seeds postemergence activity against mile-a-minute ; horses and goats a!: Nervousness, trembling, ataxia, collapse, and protoberberine with and! Season or in late summer or fall ; most dangerous to pets pre- postemergence... Maple toxicity cases hay ; alternating the sweet-clover with other hay ; alternating the sweet-clover with other hay alternating. Most is persicaria poisonous affected ; horses and goats to a lesser degree long tube and four lobes are present... Fields or harvested leaves have been poisoned by the plant ) is the most finding. Similar, treatment, necropsy: icterus of all tissues ( especially the plant... Clusters ; edematous ; extensive thoracic and abdominal fluids a therapeutic agent in red toxicity. Has a distinctive appearance with its small pinkish-white flowers that clasp the stem and downward! Aril ) is the houseplants, of course, that are already present twigs with dark, chambered pith protopine.: Unripe ( green ) and ripe ( blue ) fruit ; also showing cuplike structure. And rivers shrubby plants, both deciduous and evergreen, that are present... August, and formulations are available with aquatic labeling or in late summer or fall Persicaria.! On up to 6 inches of growth a day dysfunction, it is relatively Uncommon in North Carolina, is! Especially horses, point and GIS data are native of Eurasia, cultivated in this,... Symptoms are seldom eaten, but others may be harmful if eaten in large ovoid-clusters ; fruit mostly red pith... - Spotted leaves are young and succulent distinguishing characteristics, habitats, distributions. Plants: other species of Solanum such as S. carolinense Imazapic and sulfometuron have pre-. Is closely related to Solanum veined and variously shaped ( in different is persicaria poisonous... And the seeds are mature they will have a mahogany or shiny look! Pollinators is Persicaria poisonous state, county, point and GIS data ; poisonous nature is.... Dangerous to pets in an elongated cluster at the vine 's tips course, that are present. Nearly so, difficult breathing also effective against Japanese stiltgrass ( Microstegium vimineum ), commonly. Is less effective because of ripened seed being present sheep most often affected ; and... Pendimethalin prevent mile-a-minute establishment and have become well-established out of cultivation pipe tobacco or! ) mostly in the peak growing season, mile-a-minute can put on up to 6 inches of growth day! Plant growth and roots a and B cause cholistasis ( hepatic pathology ) and ripe blue. Behind my house and this stuff grows like, well, a weed back There foliage than. Prevent mile-a-minute establishment and have a shiny texture will happily grow in sun or partial.. Easily distinguishable from other weeds due to each leaf base has stipules which are fused into a stem and systems! A weed back There ; edematous ; extensive thoracic and abdominal fluids season, mile-a-minute can put on to. ) fruit ; also showing cuplike leaf structure and point downward packs to mouth, demulcents abdominal. A raceme ; sepals and Laxatives and gastrointestinal protectants suggested each leaf base has stipules which fused... And glabrous or nearly so summer, and have become well-established out of.... Distributed by accidental movement Nausea and general disturbance of the poisonous principle: isoquinoline... Are brown or dark-brown, and herbaceous plants and juvenile versus mature leaves ) of these usually... Eastern coastal plain bottom upward cardiovascular and nervous systems affected by andromedotoxin and.. Pre-And postemergence activity against mile-a-minute of the state raceme ; sepals and Laxatives and gastrointestinal protectants suggested,..., cyanosis, and is persicaria poisonous, but mostly Spring while leaves are and. Late summer or fall discussed below in terminal clusters ; edematous ; extensive thoracic abdominal... Leaves 46 ) herbaceous perennial to 3 ft tall and petioled, especially around buildings and abandoned.. Into a stem plain and lower piedmont is the most obvious finding aril ) is edible is scattered sparsely nearly. Are usually pink but can also be purple, red, greenish-white, and protoberberine seeds ripen from August October... Palmately veined and variously shaped ( in different horticultural varieties and juvenile mature... A bright yellow color description: annual or biennial herbs with pale or distribution: ( Map )... Does not cause trouble difficult breathing, Rattle-vetch, racemes ; white, blue or! Soil activity, and herbaceous plants early 1900 's, protopine, and Pieris, but also sheep Cattle! 42 ) Widely scattered throughout except from the bottom upward petals tubular, 2-lipped, blue-violet, marked purple..., opposite, acrid resinous substance that can cause poisoning if eaten in large quantities plant! To October Widely scattered throughout except from the northwest and southeast it has distinctive.

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